Selected questions from quiz 21 (ecosystems)

Q.1: An organism's "trophic level" refers to
the rate at which it uses energy where it lives what it eats its position in the food web the intensity of its competition with other species

Q.2 : As air rises over a mountain it
expands and heats up after rising over the mountain compresses and cools while rising. expands and cools after rising over the mountain compresses

Q.3 : Because the Coriolis effect causes winds to veer to the _______ in the southern Hemisphere winds blow from ______
right   northwest to southeast left   from southeast to northwest right   from south to north left   from northeast to southwest left   from east to west

Q.4 : Located within the two global latitudinal belts of descending air masses is the
a) Amazon rainforest b) Mediterranean woodlands c) Northwestern US d) Sahara e) islands located near the equator a, b, c,

Q.5 : Which of the statements is false
Kuroshio current and Gulf stream bring warm waters into Northern Pacific and Atlantic oceans The Humboldt stream brings cold arctic water to the west coast of South America the upwelling off the coast of California is caused by the westerlies ( blow from SW to NE) the high productivity of the coastal zone off Peru is due to upwelling all statements are correct

Review topics for exam 4

Evolution

• Difference between Genotype and Phenotype
• Define gene pool in terms of allele and population
• Know how genetic structure is related to population
• Norm of reaction is related to genotype & phenotype (temp biggest factor
• Allelic frequencies and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, H-W assumptions (exposure to selective pressures- most common reason for deviation)
• Mechanisms of evolution: (change in variation)
  • Mutation:
  • Natural selection : is the result of the interaction between a population of individual organisms and the environment in which they live
    Some organisms reproduce more successfully than others
    
  • Successful adaptation of a population to its environment.
  • Sexual reproduction (compare sexual and asexual reproduction)
  • Immigration/emigration, genetic drift/ bottleneck, Founder effect,
  • Biological fitness: Relate fitness to selection (stabilizing selection, directional selection, disruptive selection)
  
  
• Selection can alter organisms . Affects individuals, populations and species, Can affect only the alleles currently present in the population. Selection alone cannot produce new alleles. Selection may act on all characteristics of an organism such as development, behavior, life history. Selection acts directly on phenotypes and indirectly on genotypes and gene pools. Over time, selection alters the frequency of alleles in a population. Mutation is random, Selection is not. New types are generated randomly. Selection may be stabilizing, directional, or disruptive, but it is not random.
  
• Classification of organisms. Domains: (Eubacteria, Archaea, Eukarya) kingdoms
  (Plantae, Protista, Fungi, Bacteria, Archaea, Animalia) Linnaean classification system, 16SRNA bacteria classification
• Types of speciation (sympatric, allopatric)
  Causes for speciation
  Types of reproductive isolation (prezygotic, postygoyic)
  Mobility, general exploiters vs. specific exploiters

  Bacteria

• Morphology of bacteria (coccus, baccilus, vibrio, and spirilla)
• Classification based on cell wall (gram positive/gram negative)
  Gram positive (several layers peptidoglycan, teichoic acid,)
  Gram negative (one layer peptidoglycan, LPS O-antigen/ Lipid A, endotoxin)
• Classification system based on metabolism: ATP production, Carbon source
  autotroph/heterotroph, photosynthetic/chemosynthetic
  Know examples of Spirochetes, Pseudomonads, Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrio, Cocci, endospore-forming bacteria, exotoxins

  Population Ecology

• Organism interaction with environment.
• Population (interact genetically in a particular geographic area)
• Life history factors Different components of reproduction (time of reproduction, reproductive value, reproductive effort)
• Know differences in life cycles (haploid/diploid, larval forms)
• Population structure (age/ density of population)
• Population dynamics (changes of population structure, reproduction, growth, energy expenditure, food gathering, mating, dispersal, and death)
• Exponential Population growth-colonization of empty habitats
• Logistic growth ,where is the highest growth rate
• Factors determining carrying capacity (competition for food, predation, disease)
• Know how equilibrium is established and sources of disturbance

  Community Ecology
  

• Interactions (Mutualism, commensalisms, amensalism, predation/parasitism, competition)
• Resources (limiting resources)
• Ecological niche
• Competition (intraspecies, interspecies, exploitative, interference, niche-overlap competition chthamalus-balanus), Competition and limited resources
• Logistic growth in presence of predators
• Predation (evolutionary relationship, effects)
  Functional response and regulation (extinction)
  Type I, Type II, Type III functional response
• Keystone Species (Mytilus-Pisaster)
• Community Succession (r-strategists-unstable, K-strategists-stable)

  Ecosystems
  

• Atmosphere :
  • Troposphere (composition, weather), Stratosphere (O3),
  • Mesosphere,
  • Thermosphere
• Air circulations : upwards movement at equator, downward movements at 30 degr N, S
  polar downward movement, upward movement at 60 dgr N, S
  Earth deserts
• Coriolis force: NE, SE trade winds, westerlies (northern, southern hemisphere)
• Oceanic currents: Warm water currents: Gulf Stream, North Atlantic Drift, Kuroshio South Equatorial Current ,Equatorial Countercurrent : Cold water currents: Oyashio , California Current , Humboldt Current
• Up-welling
• El Nino
• Five tropic levels : Primary producers (oceans), Primary consumers (Herbivores), Secondary consumers (Carnivores), Tertiary consumers (Carnivores that eat other carnivores), Detritivores
• Distribution of biomass, food web, ecological efficiency, energy and biomass pyramids.